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Cognitive Bias

Yogyakarta, Minggu, 12 Februari 2023

Djoko Luknanto: Cognitive Bias

ChatGPT: Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that can affect the decisions and judgments made by individuals and groups. These biases are a result of the brain's tendency to simplify information and make quick judgments, rather than carefully considering all available information. Some common examples of cognitive biases include confirmation bias, anchoring bias, and the halo effect. These biases can have a significant impact on personal and professional life, leading to poor decision making and limited success. Understanding and being aware of these biases can help individuals avoid them and make more informed and objective decisions.

Elaborate more details

Certainly, cognitive biases are pervasive and can have a big impact on the quality of our thinking and decision making. Here are some common examples of cognitive biases and how they can influence our thinking:

1. Confirmation bias - this is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs. People often ignore or downplay evidence that contradicts their beliefs.
2. Anchoring bias - this refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information that we encounter, even if it is not particularly relevant or useful, and use it as a reference point or "anchor" for subsequent decisions and judgments.
3. Halo effect - this is the tendency to attribute a general positive or negative quality to a person based on a single characteristic, such as their physical appearance or reputation. This can lead to overgeneralizing and making unfair judgments.
4. Availability heuristic - this is the tendency to make decisions based on the information that is most readily available in our memory, rather than searching for or considering all relevant information. This can result in incorrect conclusions or decisions.
5. Framing effect - this refers to the impact that the way information is presented or framed can have on our decision making. For example, people may make different decisions depending on whether a situation is framed as a gain or a loss.

These are just a few examples, and there are many more cognitive biases that can affect our thinking and decision making. Being aware of these biases and making a conscious effort to avoid them can help us make more informed and accurate decisions.

Who is Dunning-Kruger?

Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias that refers to the tendency for people with low ability or competence in a certain area to overestimate their ability or knowledge in that area. This is due to the fact that they lack the skills or knowledge to accurately assess their own abilities and often have an inflated sense of self-confidence.

The Dunning-Kruger effect is named after psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, who first described the phenomenon in a series of studies published in the late 1990s. They found that people with low levels of competence in a particular area often had difficulty recognizing their own incompetence and instead rated their abilities much higher than they actually were.

This can have a number of negative consequences, such as leading people to make poor decisions or engage in risky behavior, or causing them to dismiss or reject feedback or constructive criticism that could help them improve. On the other hand, people with high levels of ability or competence in a certain area tend to underestimate their abilities, a phenomenon known as "imposter syndrome".

Overall, the Dunning-Kruger effect highlights the importance of being self-aware and seeking out honest feedback in order to accurately assess one's abilities and skills.

In Bahasa Indonesia please

Efek Dunning-Kruger adalah jenis bias kognitif yang mengacu pada kecenderungan bagi orang dengan kemampuan atau kompetensi rendah dalam area tertentu untuk memestimasi kemampuan atau pengetahuan mereka dalam area tersebut. Ini disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahwa mereka tidak memiliki keterampilan atau pengetahuan untuk menilai dengan akurat kemampuan mereka sendiri dan sering memiliki rasa percaya diri yang tinggi.

Efek Dunning-Kruger diberi nama setelah psikolog David Dunning dan Justin Kruger, yang pertama kali menggambarkan fenomena tersebut dalam serangkaian studi yang diterbitkan pada akhir 1990-an. Mereka menemukan bahwa orang dengan tingkat kompetensi rendah dalam area tertentu seringkali kesulitan mengakui kekurangan mereka sendiri dan sebaliknya memiliki nilai kemampuan mereka yang lebih tinggi daripada yang sebenarnya.

Ini dapat memiliki beberapa akibat negatif, seperti menyebabkan orang membuat keputusan yang buruk atau terlibat dalam perilaku berisiko, atau menyebabkan mereka menolak atau menolak umpan balik atau kritik konstruktif yang dapat membantu mereka memperbaiki diri. Di sisi lain, orang dengan tingkat kemampuan atau kompetensi tinggi dalam area tertentu cenderung men underestimasi kemampuan mereka, fenomena yang dikenal sebagai "sindrom impostor".

Secara keseluruhan, efek Dunning-Kruger menunjukkan pentingnya sadar diri dan mencari umpan balik yang jujur ??untuk menilai akurat kemampuan dan keterampilan kita.